References

  1. FHWA, "Evaluating Scour at Bridges," HEC No. 18, Fifth Edition, March 2012.

  2. Vanoni, Vito A., Manual on Sedimentation, Sedimentation Engineering, ASCE Hydraulic Division, 1975.

  3. Kirchhoff, Robert H., Potential Flows, Computer Graphic Solutions, Marcel Dekker, Inc. New York, 1985.

  4. Milne-Thomson, L. M., Theoretical Aerodynamics, Fourth Edition, Macmillan, London, 1968.

  5. Palaviccini, M., "Scour Predictor Model at Bridge Abutments," Doctor of Engineering Dissertation, The Catholic University of America, Washington, D.C., 1993.

  6. Chang, Fred, "Analysis of Pressure Scour," Unpublished Research Report, 1995.

  7. Maynord, Steven T., Toe Scour Estimation in Stabilized Bendways, Technical Note, ASCE Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, August, 1996.

  8. Maryland State Highway Administration, Office of Structures, "Manual for Hydrologic and Hydraulic Design", 2012 Edition.

  9. Peggy A. Johnson, Pier Scour at Wide Piers, ASCE North American Water and Environment Congress, June 1996.

  10. FHWA, "Bridge Scour and Stream Instability Countermeasures," HEC No. 23, Third Edition, 2009.

  11. "Guide to Bridge Hydraulics", Second Edition, Transportation Association of Canada, 2001.

  12. "Evaluation of the Maryland Abutment-Scour Equation using Selected Threshold-Velocity Methods." Stephen T. Benedict, Hydrologist, U.S. Geological Survey, November 14, 2008.